Evaluation of commercial ADC radiation tolerance for accelerator experiments

Electronic components used in high energy physics experiments are subjected to a radiation background composed of high energy hadrons, mesons and photons. These particles can induce permanent and transient effects that affect the normal device operation. Ionizing dose and displacement damage can cause chronic damage which disable the device permanently. Transient effects or single event effects are in general recoverable with time intervals that depend on the nature of the failure. The magnitude of these effects is technology dependent with feature size being one of the key parameters. Analog to digital converters are components that are frequently used in detector front end electronics, generally placed as close as possible to the sensing elements to maximize signal fidelity. We report on radiation effects tests conducted on 17 commercially available analog to digital converters and extensive single event effect measurements on specific twelve and fourteen bit ADCs that presented high tolerance to ionizing dose. Mitigation strategies for single event effects (SEE) are discussed for their use in the large hadron collider environment.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figure

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure

Electric dipole moments and the search for new physics

Static electric dipole moments of nondegenerate systems probe mass scales for physics beyond the Standard Model well beyond those reached directly at high energy colliders. Discrimination between different physics models, however, requires complementary searches in atomic-molecular-and-optical, nuclear and particle physics. In this report, we discuss the current status and prospects in the near future for a compelling suite of such experiments, along with developments needed in the encompassing theoretical framework.Comment: Contribution to Snowmass 2021; updated with community edits and endorsement

Low -noise electronics for ionization detectors with emphasis on noble liquid calorimetry for high-energy physics

In high energy physics (HEP) a fundamental parameter is the measurement of the total energy of the collision fragments of a beam interaction, performed by a detector called calorimeter, one of the most important subsystems in the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Ionization chamber calorimeters using liquified noble gas as their active medium, among of the most reliable and precise thanks to their simple electrode geometry and their ease of calibration, are described. Two different approaches to the signal readout from capacitive sources are analyzed: the direct connection of the electronics to the detector, requiring a cryogenic preamplifier, and the connection via a transmission line, which has the advantage of removing the preamplifier from the high radiation detector region and allowing access for maintenance. It is shown that for the fast shaping times required at the LHC, a better signal to noise ratio could be achieved with a transmission line connection. Closed expressions for the signal to noise ratio are derived and the general case in the presence of skin effect losses is treated numerically. Two realizations of the preamplifier are presented. The first one is a radiation hard preamplifier capable of cryogenic operation based on a monolithic JFET technology. Device characteristics are analyzed both at room and cryogenic temperatures as well as the radiation damage due to gamma and fast neutrons. Monolithic JFETs are remarkably resistant to ionizing radiation. The main effect of neutron irradiation is a decrease of the maximum drain current IDSS, and an increase in noise. The devices continue to operate at the 10 14n/cm2 neutron fluence foreseen at LHC. A radiation resistant line terminating preamplifier which, by assigning the functions of low noise and large dynamic range to different transistors, achieves a linearity better than 0.2% over the 16 bit dynamic range of the input current while also allowing a significant reduction of the power dissipation is described. Its noise performance and stability are analyzed in detail. The design, construction and performance of the four channel ceramic hybrid module for the Atlas calorimeters is described

Low -noise electronics for ionization detectors with emphasis on noble liquid calorimetry for high-energy physics

In high energy physics (HEP) a fundamental parameter is the measurement of the total energy of the collision fragments of a beam interaction, performed by a detector called calorimeter, one of the most important subsystems in the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Ionization chamber calorimeters using liquified noble gas as their active medium, among of the most reliable and precise thanks to their simple electrode geometry and their ease of calibration, are described. Two different approaches to the signal readout from capacitive sources are analyzed: the direct connection of the electronics to the detector, requiring a cryogenic preamplifier, and the connection via a transmission line, which has the advantage of removing the preamplifier from the high radiation detector region and allowing access for maintenance. It is shown that for the fast shaping times required at the LHC, a better signal to noise ratio could be achieved with a transmission line connection. Closed expressions for the signal to noise ratio are derived and the general case in the presence of skin effect losses is treated numerically. Two realizations of the preamplifier are presented. The first one is a radiation hard preamplifier capable of cryogenic operation based on a monolithic JFET technology. Device characteristics are analyzed both at room and cryogenic temperatures as well as the radiation damage due to gamma and fast neutrons. Monolithic JFETs are remarkably resistant to ionizing radiation. The main effect of neutron irradiation is a decrease of the maximum drain current IDSS, and an increase in noise. The devices continue to operate at the 10 14n/cm2 neutron fluence foreseen at LHC. A radiation resistant line terminating preamplifier which, by assigning the functions of low noise and large dynamic range to different transistors, achieves a linearity better than 0.2% over the 16 bit dynamic range of the input current while also allowing a significant reduction of the power dissipation is described. Its noise performance and stability are analyzed in detail. The design, construction and performance of the four channel ceramic hybrid module for the Atlas calorimeters is described

Impacts of Fertilization on Environmental Quality across a Gradient of Olive Grove Management Systems in Alentejo (Portugal)

Olive groves are Mediterranean socioecological systems. In Portugal (350,000 hectares of olive groves), a transition is ongoing towards intensification. Such effects may arise from the incremental use of agrochemical fertilizers. The Alentejo region, Portugal, was stratified according to the olive management systems (i.e., extensive groves managed conventionally, integrated or organically, and intensive and highly intensive farms) and erosive states. Agronomic (i.e., fertilizers) and biological (i.e., herbaceous and lepidopteran richness and biodiversity) variables were quantified in 80 plots so we could know how managements affect biodiversity. Intensive and highly intensive farms showed the highest erosion (up to 48 t ha−1 year−1) and the highest concentration of nitrates (11–16 ppm), phosphates (8–15 ppm), and potassium (169–183 mg kg−1), aligned with its lower flora (null) and fauna (0.50–1.75 species). Conventional extensive farms attained an intermediate position, and integrated and organic managements showed the lowest erosion (up to 20 t ha−1 year−1), and the lowest concentration of nitrates (5–6 ppm), phosphates (2–4 ppm), and potassium (92–125 mg kg−1) aligned with its higher flora (14–27 species) and fauna (up to 8 species). Studies aimed at characterizing the multifunctionality of olive groves are essential in Portugal, also considering how soil practices can minimize externalities driven by rapid changes in crop systems.To the SUSTAINOLIVE project (https://sustainolive.eu/?lang=en; PRIMA EU Programme, accessed on 1 December 2022), as a source of funding for José Muñoz-Rojas. To the FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia—Portugal), the CHANGE laboratory, and the MED— Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment, and Development (University of Évora), funded by Project UIDB/05183/2020. Sergio A. Prats and Clarisse Brígido were supported by contracts funded by the FCT (CEECIND/01473/2020 and CEECIND/00093/2018, respectively). Antonio Alberto Rodriguez Sousa is a researcher at the University Complutense of Madrid (UCM, Spain) assigned to the MED and University of Évora (Portugal). This author acknowledges the support of all the aforementioned institutions, and is specifically supported by a Margarita Salas Postdoctoral Contract for the Training of Young PhDs (multiannual call for the requalification of the Spanish University System for 2021–2023; https://www.ucm.es/ct31-21; accessed on 1 December 2022) funded by the UCM through the Ministry of Universities, Government of Spain, and the bEuropean Union—NextGenerationEU. Additionally, he is the main researcher of the project ASMO— Análisis comparativo de la Sostenibilidad y Multifuncionalidad Olivarera en dos regiones de la Península Ibérica a través de un enfoque de ecología del paisaje: el Alentejo (Portugal) y el Sureste de Madrid (España). To Lidia PZ, for her support to the corresponding author during the years 2020–2022. Finally, to María Aurora Rodríguez Sousa, for her valuable support to the main author and for her excellent contributions to the completion of the first drafts of this manuscript